Top 6 Flame Retardant Additives Used in Polymer Production

paragraf utama:
In the world of polymer manufacturing, safety and performance often come down to one key ingredient — the flame retardant additive.

paragraf cuplikan:
The top six flame retardant additives used in polymer production are Trietil Fosfat (TEP), Trioctyl Fosfat (TOP), Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), Hidroxida Aluminium (ATH), Melamine Cyanurate (MCA), dan Zinc Borate (ZB) — each engineered to prevent ignition, slow burning, and minimize smoke generation.

paragraf transisi:
As modern materials evolve toward lighter and greener solutions, flame retardants are being redefined — no longer just for protection, but also for sustainability. Let’s explore these six key additives, how they work, and where they’re applied in polymer systems.

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1. Trietil Fosfat (TEP)

paragraf utama:
When performance and environmental safety must coexist, Trietil Fosfat (TEP) is the first choice.

paragraf cuplikan:
TEP adalah phosphate ester–based flame retardant and plasticizer that offers excellent thermal stability and low toxicity — making it ideal for polyurethane foams, PVC, and coatings.

Properti Utama:

• Formula: C₆H₁₅O₄P
• Boiling Point: 215–220°C
• Purity: ≥99%
• Odor: Mild, neutral
• Halogen-Free: Yes

Aplikasi:

• Busa Poliuretan (PU): Provides self-extinguishing behavior.
• PVC and Coatings: Improves flexibility and flame resistance.
• Adhesives & Sealants: Works as a reactive diluent and plasticizer.

Performance Highlights:
TEP promotes pembentukan arang, which acts as a thermal barrier, slowing heat transfer during combustion.
TEP dari Donghong Chemical meets international REACH and RoHS standards, offering clean combustion and low VOC emissions — perfect for sustainable polymer systems.

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2. Trioktil Fosfat (TOP)

paragraf utama:
When high temperature and long-term durability are priorities, Trioctyl Fosfat (TOP) leads the way.

paragraf cuplikan:
TOP adalah sebuah hydrophobic phosphate ester used as both a flame retardant and plasticizer, providing superior heat resistance and oxidation stability.

Technical Details:

• Formula: C₂₄H₅₁O₄P
• Flash Point: ≥190°C
• Purity: ≥99%
• Density: 0.92–0.94 g/cm³

Aplikasi:

• Vinyl Polymers (PVC, PVDF): Enhances flame resistance and flexibility.
• Engineering Plastics: Used in polyamides and epoxy systems.
• Pelumas: Acts as a high-temperature stabilizer.

Performance Advantage:
TOP’s long alkyl chains make it thermally robust and hydrolysis-resistant, suitable for continuous industrial processes.
Inovasi berkelanjutan dari TOP phosphate ester is widely used in plastic compounding and electrical insulation materials.

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3. Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)

paragraf utama:
In halogen-free flame retardant systems, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) is the essential phosphorus-based choice.

paragraf cuplikan:
APP is an inorganic polymeric compound containing phosphorus and nitrogen, which act synergistically to form a protective char layer when exposed to heat.

Rumus Kimia: (NH₄PO₃)ₙ
Suhu Decomposisi: 250–300°C
Penampilan: White powder
Kelarutan: Slightly soluble in water

Aplikasi:

• Intumescent coatings: Expands to form a heat shield.
• PP and PE Compounds: Common in wire and cable insulation.
• Epoxy Resins: Provides halogen-free flame resistance.

Performance Advantage:
APP is the backbone of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) systems — producing a foamed carbonaceous layer that protects the underlying polymer from oxygen and heat.

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4. Aluminum Hydroxide (ATH)

paragraf utama:
For decades, Hidroxida Aluminium (ATH) has been one of the most widely used inorganic flame retardants.

paragraf cuplikan:
ATH functions by absorbing heat and releasing water vapor during decomposition, thereby cooling the polymer and diluting flammable gases.

Rumus Kimia: Al(OH)₃
Suhu Decomposisi: ~200°C
Particle Size: 1–50 µm
Warna: White powder

Aplikasi:

• Thermosets (epoxy, polyester): Improves flame and smoke suppression.
• Elastomers: Used in wire and cable sheathing.
• PVC Compounds: Acts as both flame retardant and filler.

Performance Advantage:
ATH offers non-toxic, smoke-suppressing performance and improves mechanical strength when dispersed properly.
For high-temperature polymers, it’s often combined with phosphate esters (TEP or TOP) for synergistic effects.

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5. Melamine Cyanurate (MCA)

paragraf utama:
For engineering plastics like nylon and polyamide, Melamine Cyanurate (MCA) is the go-to additive.

paragraf cuplikan:
MCA is a nitrogen-based organic flame retardant that releases non-flammable gases and forms char layers during combustion.

Chemical Structure: 2C₃H₆N₆·C₃N₃O₃
Suhu Decomposisi: 320–350°C
Form: White crystalline powder

Aplikasi:

• Polyamide (PA6, PA66): Maintains mechanical strength while increasing flame retardancy.
• PBT and PET Compounds: Improves UL-94 V-0 ratings.
• Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPU): Low migration and high stability.

Performance Advantage:
MCA is halogen-free, thermally stable, and highly compatible with engineering thermoplastics.
When used with ester fosfat seperti TEP, it provides synergistic flame retardant effects without compromising polymer clarity.

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6. Zinc Borate (ZB)

paragraf utama:
As a multifunctional inorganic additive, Zinc Borate (ZB) offers both flame retardant and smoke-suppressing properties.

paragraf cuplikan:
ZB works by releasing crystalline water and forming glass-like barriers at high temperatures, which isolate the polymer from oxygen.

Rumus Kimia: 2ZnO·3B₂O₃·3.5H₂O
Suhu Decomposisi: 290–420°C
Form: Fine white powder

Aplikasi:

• PVC, PE, and EVA: Works synergistically with ATH or APP.
• Epoxy Resins: Improves thermal stability and smoke suppression.
• Polyolefins: Enhances flame resistance and aging durability.

Performance Advantage:
ZB improves char integrity dan reduces dripping during combustion — critical for achieving V-0 ratings in flame retardant testing.

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Dive Deeper: Synergistic Formulation Strategy

The best flame retardant performance often comes from combining multiple additives that address different mechanisms of combustion.

Kombinasi	Synergy Effect	Target Polymer
TEP + ATH	Improved char formation and cooling	PU, PVC
TOP + MCA	Enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical stability	Nylon, PBT
APP + ZB	Strong intumescent effect and smoke suppression	Polipropilena
P204 + TEP	Metal surface protection and flame resistance	Coatings, resins

Kimia Donghong pasokan TEP, TOP, and P204 phosphate esters, engineered for use in flame retardant polymer systems that demand both performance and environmental compliance.

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Dive Deeper: Quality and Safety Considerations

When selecting flame retardant additives, always ensure:

• Kemurnian ≥99% for phosphate esters;
• No halogenated compounds (for eco-compliance);
• Volatilitas rendah to prevent odor and degradation;
• Stabilitas Termal suited for polymer processing temperatures.

Kimia Donghong ensures each phosphate ester batch meets strict QC criteria, including:

• Acid Value: ≤0.3 mgKOH/g (for TEP, TOP)
• Moisture: ≤0.1%
• Color: ≤30 APHA
• REACH & RoHS certifications

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Conclusion: Safer Polymers Through Smarter Chemistry

The top six flame retardant additives — TEP, TOP, APP, ATH, MCA, and ZB — represent the core of modern polymer fire safety.
Each works through a unique mechanism: forming char, releasing inert gases, or absorbing heat.
And when combined strategically, they deliver powerful, eco-friendly protection for plastics and coatings used in daily life.

With over a decade of manufacturing expertise, Kimia Donghong menyediakan phosphate ester–based flame retardants that help polymer producers achieve high standards in safety, performance, and sustainability.

For technical guidance or bulk purchase inquiries:

📧 Email: dohollchemical@gmail.com
📱 WhatsApp: +86 139 0301 4781

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Donghong Chemical — Leading manufacturer of phosphate esters and surfactant-based flame retardant additives for polymer, coating, and textile industries worldwide.